Brunei has a population of around 450,000, making it one of the smallest nations in Southeast Asia. The majority — roughly 65 percent — are Malay, with a significant Chinese community of around 10 percent and various indigenous Bornean groups making up most of the rest. A large portion of the workforce consists of foreign workers, primarily from the Philippines, Indonesia, and South Asia.
The official religion is Islam, practiced by the majority of Malays. Buddhism is the main faith of the Chinese community. The country's guiding philosophy — Melayu Islam Beraja — enshrines Malay identity, Islamic values, and the authority of the Sultan as the three pillars of national life. This is not rhetoric; it shapes daily life in visible ways, from the absence of alcohol to the dress codes expected in public spaces and religious sites.
The people are generally reserved and polite with strangers. Hospitality is genuine and direct friendliness from locals is common once the initial formality passes. English is widely spoken, particularly among the educated and professional class — Brunei has a high literacy rate and English is taught in schools from an early age alongside Malay.
You will find that public behavior codes are somewhat stricter than in neighboring Malaysia. Dress modestly when visiting mosques (bring a scarf or use the ones provided at the entrance). Physical displays of affection between unmarried couples are frowned upon. Ramadan is observed seriously — eating or drinking in public during daylight hours during the fasting month is not done, and some restaurants close during the day.
Despite the constraints on nightlife and alcohol, Brunei is a calm and notably safe place to travel. The violent crime rate is among the lowest in the world, and solo travelers report feeling secure at any hour.