By Air:
Kenya has about 250 airports (of vastly varying quality) and plenty of airlines connecting Nairobi with Mombasa, Kisumu, Nanyuki, Malindi, Lamu, and the national parks/reserves of Amboseli Masai Mara and Samburu. While many flights are heavily booked flying around Kenya during the high season, it is a relatively safe and relatively cheap way to cover a lot of ground. Always buy your tickets in advance. If you are going on a “safari” with an organized tour, the company will usually book your tickets to the national parks for you, and the price will be included in the total amount.
By Rail:
The Standard Gauge Railway (SGR) between Nairobi and Mombasa opened in 2017 and is the main intercity train service. The journey takes about 4.5 hours and the train runs through Tsavo National Park — wildlife sightings from the window are common. The Madaraka Express operates multiple times daily; book tickets in advance at the Kenya Railways website or at Nairobi's Syokimau station. First class has reclining seats and air conditioning; second class is perfectly comfortable. The overnight train is a good alternative to a night bus if you prefer to sleep on board.
An older metre-gauge line from Nairobi to Kisumu (western Kenya) still technically exists but operates irregularly and is very slow. Check locally for current status. The SGR extension to Naivasha opened in 2019 and is useful for Rift Valley travelers.
By Road (Public Transportation):
Public Transportation is very extensive in Kenya, perhaps more so than many other African Countries. Some form or public transportation leaves every hour to major cities, and even several times daily to rural areas. There are several types of public transportation. These include buses, the train, and matatus. Matatu is the general name for smaller forms of public transportation, i.e., mini-buses, vans (called "Nissans"), or box matatus, which are simply a 2-wheel drive pick-up with a shell on the back. People are then crammed inside and you're off to your destination.
Buses:
Buses are comfortable, some what reliable, and fairly cheap. They are quite slow, however. Buses usually leave every morning from major cities such as Nairobi, Mombasa, Kisumu and Eldoret. Night buses are also available to some cities. Good bus companies will not overload their buses will not allow passengers to stand. The best, safest and most reliable bus companies include Akamba, Easy Coach, Modern Coast, and Dreamline. Buy your tickets in advance at the ticket office near the bus stage or online.
Matatus:
Matatus are by far the most common means of transportation in Kenya. Matatus leave from designated spots called stages. Passengers get seated, then the matatu leaves when it is full. Matatus can also be caught from the road. If one is passing, stick out your arm with your palm down. This is the sign you want to be picked up. If the vehicle is not full, the driver will pull over to let you in.
There are at least two people that run every matatu: a driver and a tout, who is usually a young man dressed in the current fad. A driver's job is self explanatory, but the work of a tout needs a bit of explanation. First, his job is to get customers to enter his particular matatu. Some times there are several matatus to the same destination, so touts will "fight" over you. Some may even grab you luggage and force you to follow him to his matatu. Touts can be very aggressive and rude. Don't let a tout take your bag, and make your own decision about what vehicle to take. Touts are actually good guys if you get to know them. Try joking around and speaking a bit of Kiswahili with them. Once you befriend a tout, they are a valuable ally.
In major stages, you pay for a ticket before you get on a matatu. It is common, however, to be asked for your money after the matatu is on its way. It's a good idea to ask the fair before entering the matatu. Ask other customers what they're paying. Some touts may try to cheat you!
Of all the types of matatus, "Nissans", or mini-vans are the most comfortable and the fastest. Of course they are a bit more expensive than mini-buses or box-matatus, but worth the price for comfort. Kenyans say that a matatu is never full, and unfortunately, this is usually true. No matter how many people, goats and chickens are crammed into a matatu, the driver will always stop for more people and the tout will shove them in. This makes for unsafe conditions and slow progress.
Some other tips for traveling by public transportation:
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Always try to have your luggage in view.
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Keep your wallet in your front pocket, and remove all valuables. Pick pockets love to work in matatus, especially mini-buses.
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Although it is tempting to sit it the front seat next to the driver because it is comfortable, try to resist. This is called the "death seat," since if there is an accident, it is the passengers in front that are usually killed.
If you really want the flavor of Kenya, to experience it as only locals do, take at least one trip on a matatu. It can be very stressful, uncomfortable, and a security risk if you don’t be careful, therefore I do not suggest it for the mild-at-heart. For the adventurous tourist, however, it can be quite an experience and a lot of fun.
By Car:
If you're bringing your own vehicle to Kenya you should get a free three-month permit at the border on entry as long as you have a valid carnet de passage for it. Keep in mind there are certain routes in north-east Kenya where you must obtain police permission before setting out. Hiring a vehicle in Kenya (or at least the national parks) is a relatively expensive way to see the country but it does give you freedom of movement and is sometimes the only way of getting to the more remote reaches. Generally Kenyan roads are in good condition.
Renting a vehicle is straightforward from major airports and city centres. Expect to pay USD 60–100 per day for a saloon car and USD 120–180 for a 4WD. For getting around Nairobi, Uber and Bolt (Taxify) are widely used, reliable, and much safer than hailing random taxis on the street. Both apps work well in Nairobi and Mombasa.
Hitch Hiking:
Hitching, or “getting a lift” as it Kenyans call it, is relatively easy in Kenya, depending on your company and your location. Hitching has many advantages: It is safer to travel in a private vehicle, it is fast once you get a lift, and it can be fun to talk to locals that pick you up. If you are willing to try, here’s some pointers.
Hitch hiking is safe, but always try to hitch in pairs! I have heard of many women hitching alone and together for over two years, and have not heard anything bad happen even once. I do, however, caution against a woman hitching alone. A pair of one man and one woman is your best bet to get picked up quickly. A pair of two women is just as good, if you’re comfortable. Two or more men together will have a difficult time getting a lift, due to Kenyans worried about security.
To hitch hike, find a nice place on a major highway. Start as early as possible, say around 7:00 or 8:00 am, depending on how far you are from a major city where vehicles are leaving, heading your direction. Stand a few yards before a turn-out, so the vehicle has room to pull over after seeing you. Make sure you are clear of any matatu stopping point, or every one will stop for you. When a private vehicle approaches, stick out your arm, just like getting a matatu, but face your palm up instead of down. This means that you want a free lift.
Most lifts are free, although sometimes a driver will ask for money. It’s up to you to decide how much you are willing to pay. More times than not, however, your driver will take you for free and buy you lunch. Good luck!
By Sea:
For the more maritimely minded sailing on a dhow along the East African coast is one of Kenya's most worthwhile and memorable travel experiences. Some of the most popular and most expensive dhow cruises leave from Nyali on the mainland opposite Mombasa Island.