Currency
The Somali shilling (SOS) is the official currency, but US dollars are widely accepted and often preferred for larger transactions in Mogadishu and Bossaso. Carry sufficient cash — ATMs do not exist for foreign cards, and bank infrastructure is minimal. Mobile money through Hormuud Telecom's EVC Plus system is widely used by locals but not accessible to most visitors.
Communications
Somalia has several mobile networks; Hormuud is the most reliable in the south, while Telesom covers Somaliland. Local SIM cards are cheap and data is affordable by regional standards. Connectivity in Mogadishu has improved significantly; rural areas have patchy coverage. Internet cafes have largely been replaced by smartphone data, but they still exist in larger towns.
Health
Medical facilities are extremely limited. Mogadishu has a handful of private clinics, but they lack equipment for serious emergencies. Carry comprehensive travel insurance that includes medical evacuation. Bring sufficient personal medication supplies. Malaria is present in the south; take prophylactics. Yellow fever vaccination may be required depending on your point of departure.
Cholera, typhoid, and hepatitis A are risks. Drink only bottled or purified water.
Safety
Read the security situation carefully before traveling. Al-Shabaab remains active in the south and launches periodic attacks in Mogadishu, including suicide bombings, car bombs, and mortar fire. Register with your embassy if one is operating. The U.S., UK, and EU have no standard consular presence in Somalia proper.
Avoid unnecessary road travel. Keep a low profile. Tell trusted people your itinerary. Use a local fixer with a verifiable track record.
Religion and Customs
Somalia is almost entirely Sunni Muslim. Dress modestly — this applies to both men and women, though women will face more scrutiny. During Ramadan, do not eat, drink, or smoke in public during daylight hours. Alcohol is effectively unavailable and its consumption in public is socially unacceptable.
Somali hospitality is genuine and generous. If invited into someone's home, accept tea at minimum. Refusing food or drink is considered rude.
Electricity
230V, 50Hz. Plug types vary — Type C (European round pin) and Type G (British three-pin) are both found. A universal adapter is sensible.