The current health situation in Sudan is catastrophic. The war has destroyed much of the country's medical infrastructure. Hospitals in Khartoum, Darfur, and Kordofan have been attacked, looted, or forced to close. Medical supplies are critically short. Famine conditions in Darfur and Kordofan have led to mass malnutrition, particularly among children. Cholera and other water-borne diseases have spread in areas with destroyed water infrastructure.
The following describes the health situation for travelers in normal times, for reference.
Malaria is present throughout Sudan except at higher altitudes. The risk is highest in the south and during and after the rainy season (July to September). Anti-malarials are strongly recommended for any visit. Carry a supply of treatment in case you cannot easily reach medical care.
Yellow fever vaccination is required for travelers arriving from endemic countries. Meningitis vaccination is recommended, particularly for travel to the belt across central Africa. Hepatitis A and typhoid vaccinations are standard.
Water is not safe to drink from the tap anywhere in Sudan. Bottled water was widely available in cities pre-war, but this cannot be counted on in the current situation.
Medical care was limited even before the war. Khartoum had several reasonable private hospitals and clinics; outside the capital, facilities were minimal. Travel insurance with medical evacuation coverage was essential for any visit, and remains essential for any future visit.
Heat is a genuine health risk. In summer months, temperatures exceed 40°C across much of the country. Heat exhaustion and heatstroke are real dangers for anyone not acclimatized. Drink water constantly and avoid midday sun.
Schistosomiasis (bilharzia) is present in the Nile and other freshwater bodies. Do not swim in the Nile or in standing water.