By Air
Saudi Arabia is a large country — roughly the size of Western Europe — and flying is often the most sensible option between major cities. The Riyadh–Jeddah route alone is 900km. Saudia and flynas both operate frequent domestic services, with flynas promotional fares starting from as little as SAR 55 (around USD 15). Book two to three weeks ahead for the best prices.
By Train
The Haramain High-Speed Railway runs at up to 300km/h between Mecca and Medina via Jeddah and King Abdulaziz Airport — useful for pilgrims and for reaching Jeddah from the airport quickly. Saudi Railways (SAR) operates the East Line between Riyadh and Dammam, passing through Al-Ahsa (Hofuf). Trains are comfortable and punctual. Book in advance, especially around Ramadan and Hajj.
By Bus
SAPTCO, the national bus company, runs long-distance coaches between major cities as well as urban services in Riyadh, Jeddah, and Dammam. Buses are air-conditioned and reasonably comfortable. You can book through the SAPTCO app or at bus terminals. Intercity buses are a good budget option for routes not covered by rail.
By Car
Renting a car is arguably the best way to explore the country, particularly for the northwest desert landscapes and the Asir mountains. Foreign driving licences are accepted. Since 2018 women are legally permitted to drive, ending a prohibition that lasted decades. Traffic in Riyadh and Jeddah is heavy, and Saudi driving culture can be assertive — allow extra time in cities. Petrol is cheap by international standards.
Ride-Hailing
Uber and the local equivalent Careem both operate in all major cities and are the easiest way to get around urban areas. Taxis exist but are less commonly used.
Getting Around Riyadh
Riyadh has a metro system (the Riyadh Metro) with six lines, opened in 2021. It is clean, modern, and inexpensive, with women-only carriages available.