The nearest railway station is Rampurhat, 6 km from Tarapith, on the Bardhaman–Rampurhat line. Several trains run daily from Kolkata Sealdah; the journey takes around 3–3.5 hours. From Rampurhat, shared autos and taxis cover the last stretch to the temple in 15–20 minutes.
If you are combining Tarapith with Shantiniketan (Tagore's university town), note that Bolpur station is about 45 km south of Rampurhat and both are accessible on the same day trip axis from Kolkata.