Nepal is remarkably diverse for a small country. Around 30 million people speak more than 120 languages and belong to over 125 distinct ethnic groups — a complexity that defies any simple summary.
The broad divide is between the Pahadi (hill people) and the Madhesi (Terai plain people), but within each group is a dense weave of caste and ethnicity. The hill Brahmin and Chhetri castes have historically dominated political and social life. The Newar people — the original inhabitants of the Kathmandu Valley — have their own distinct language, architecture, and festival traditions. The Tamang, Gurung, Magar, and Rai communities populate the Middle Hills; the Sherpa are concentrated in the high Khumbu region around Everest; the Tharu live in the western Terai.
The Sherpa are the group most visible to trekkers. Originally from Tibet, they settled in the Khumbu valley centuries ago and adapted to high-altitude life with remarkable physiological efficiency. Their reputation as guides and high-altitude climbers is deserved — but it is worth remembering that the porter carrying 40 kg on a tumpline past you on the trail is also a person with a family, not just scenery.
Religion is present everywhere. Nepal was the world's only official Hindu state until 2008, and Hinduism remains dominant (around 80% of the population). But the distinction between Hinduism and Buddhism is often blurred — many Nepalis participate in both traditions, worship at temples associated with both faiths, and observe overlapping festival calendars. The Newar community in particular blends both religions seamlessly.
Nepal's population is young (median age under 25) and increasingly urban. The Kathmandu Valley has grown explosively since the 1990s, with migrants from the hills seeking education and work. Roughly 4 million Nepalis work abroad — mainly in the Gulf states, Malaysia, and India — and their remittances make up a significant portion of the national economy.
In rural areas, hospitality is deep and genuine. Being invited into a home for tea is common and should be accepted graciously. Remove shoes before entering a home or temple. Don't touch food or water vessels belonging to others without being invited. Photography of people should always be with permission, particularly at religious sites.