Safety
Pakistan's security situation varies sharply by region. The major cities — Islamabad, Lahore, and Karachi — are visited by independent travelers regularly, and millions of people live and work there safely every day. That said, terrorism remains a real risk across the country, with Balochistan and Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (particularly border areas near Afghanistan) the most affected. The Line of Control in Kashmir is another zone to avoid entirely. Check your government's current travel advisories before you go and update yourself during your trip. The situation can change quickly.
The northern mountain areas (Gilgit-Baltistan, Hunza, Skardu) have a much lower security risk and are generally considered safe for tourists.
Money
The currency is the Pakistani Rupee (PKR). Cash is king in most of the country. ATMs are widespread in cities and larger towns but can be unreliable, so carry enough cash when heading to remote areas. Exchange money at banks or official money changers — street changers should be avoided. Credit cards are accepted in upmarket hotels and some restaurants in the major cities, but not widely elsewhere.
Language
Urdu is the national language and serves as a lingua franca across regions. English is widely understood in cities, in government, and by the educated middle class. Regional languages — Punjabi, Pashto, Sindhi, Balochi, and many others — dominate in their respective areas. In Gilgit-Baltistan you'll encounter Shina, Burushaski, and Wakhi.
Religion
Pakistan is approximately 97% Muslim (around 77% Sunni, 20% Shia), with small Christian, Hindu, and other minorities. Ramadan is observed strictly and affects opening hours, alcohol availability (none, in most of the country — Pakistan is officially dry), and the rhythm of daily life. Dress modestly outside of major hotels: women should cover arms and legs; men in shorts attract attention in more conservative areas.
Health
No vaccinations are required for entry, but ensure your routine vaccinations are up to date. Hepatitis A and typhoid vaccinations are recommended. Malaria is present in rural areas, particularly in Sindh and Balochistan — take appropriate precautions if traveling there. Drink bottled water everywhere outside major hotels. Important: departing travelers must show proof of a polio vaccination administered within the past year.
Climate and Best Time to Visit
See When to Go for a full breakdown by region and season.
Communications
SIM cards (Telenor, Jazz/Warid, Ufone, Zong) are available cheaply at airports and shops — you'll need to register with your passport. Mobile internet is generally good in cities and along major routes, but scarce in the mountains. VPNs are technically restricted but widely used.