Ecuador has a population of around 18 million. The majority — roughly 77% — identify as mestizo, of mixed Spanish and indigenous descent. Indigenous peoples make up about 7%, with the Kichwa (Quechua speakers of the Sierra) by far the largest group. The Afro-Ecuadorian community, concentrated on the northern coast and in the Chota Valley, accounts for around 5%. Smaller groups include Montubios (coastal mixed-heritage farmers) and communities of European descent.
In the Amazon region, fourteen officially recognized indigenous nationalities still maintain distinct languages and traditional ways of life, including the Shuar, Waorani, Siona-Secoya, and Cofán. Some groups remain largely isolated and their lands are protected, at least in principle, from oil extraction — a long-running source of political conflict.
The highland indigenous communities are among the most visible in South America. Markets like Otavalo showcase extraordinary weaving traditions that go back centuries; the Otavalos in particular are well-travelled traders you'll encounter across the continent, selling textiles and playing Andean music. Their distinctive long braids, white shirts, and dark ponchos make them immediately recognizable.
Most Ecuadorians identify strongly with their region — coastal costeños and highland serranos have distinct cultures, accents, and food traditions, and will often tell you so unprompted. Rivalry between Quito and Guayaquil is affectionate but real.
Roman Catholicism remains the dominant religion, though Evangelical Christianity has grown significantly in the past few decades, especially in indigenous communities. Spanish is the official language; Kichwa is co-official in highland indigenous territories.