Djibouti's population is small — roughly one million — but culturally rich. The two dominant groups are the Somali (primarily the Issa clan, about 60%) and the Afar (about 35%), with a small minority of Arabs, French, and Ethiopians. The Issa are concentrated in the south and in Djibouti City; the Afar in the north, around Tadjoura and the interior.
Both groups are traditionally nomadic pastoralists, though most Djiboutians now live in the capital. Clan identity runs deep and shapes politics, business, and social life. The Afar and Issa have their own languages, customs, and oral traditions — poetry is valued in both cultures, and a skilled poet commands real respect.
Islam is the faith of about 94% of the population, and it shapes daily rhythms. The call to prayer marks the day; Ramadan is observed seriously; and Friday is the day of rest. Djiboutians are generally welcoming to visitors but conservative in social norms. Dress modestly outside hotels, particularly women. Alcohol is available in bars and restaurants catering to the expatriate and military community but is not part of local culture.
French is the language of government, education, and business. Arabic is co-official. In daily life, people speak Somali or Afar depending on their background. English is not widely spoken — you will get much further with French, and even a few phrases make a noticeable difference in how people respond to you.
Djiboutians are hospitable. If you are invited for tea — and you likely will be — accept. Tea is served sweet and spiced, often with cardamom, and the invitation is genuine.