The Egyptian, by Mika Waltari (1945). A Finnish novel set in 18th-Dynasty Egypt, following a physician named Sinuhe through the courts of Akhenaten and beyond. Long, baggy, and utterly absorbing — it puts flesh on the world behind the monuments. Not historically rigorous, but atmospheric in the way a good historical novel should be.
The Yacoubian Building, by Alaa Al Aswany (2002). A Cairo novel rather than a Giza one, but Cairo and Giza are functionally one city, and this book about a crumbling apartment block full of Egyptian types — aristocrats, Islamists, gay journalists, corrupt politicians — is the best single portrait of modern Cairo available in translation. It explains the city you are walking around.
The Days (Al-Ayyam), by Taha Hussein (1929–1967). The autobiography of Egypt's greatest modern writer, who grew up blind in a village in Upper Egypt, memorised the Quran at the village kuttab, and eventually became Egypt's most formidable intellectual. The first volume, describing his rural childhood, is one of the masterpieces of Arabic prose.
The Pyramid Texts, translated by R.O. Faulkner (1969). The oldest religious texts in the world, inscribed on the walls of 5th and 6th Dynasty pyramids at Saqqara (not Giza, but adjacent). Spells and incantations to help the pharaoh's soul navigate the afterlife. Reading them before you visit the sites changes what you see.
Complete Pyramids, by Mark Lehner (1997). The definitive illustrated survey of all Egyptian pyramids, written by the American archaeologist who spent decades excavating the Giza workers' village. Not a travel book, but the best single volume for understanding what you are looking at.