Laos has more ethnic diversity than almost any country its size. Over 50 officially recognized ethnic groups live across the mountains, valleys, and plains, each with their own languages, traditions, and clothing. Despite this diversity, Laos has largely avoided the ethnic conflicts that have troubled its neighbors.
The population of around 8 million is traditionally divided into three broad groups based on altitude. The Lao Loum (lowland Lao) make up roughly 60 percent of the population and dominate the Mekong valley towns and cities. They are ethnically and linguistically close to the Thai and practice Theravada Buddhism. The Lao Theung (midland Lao) account for about 25 percent and live in the lower mountain slopes. The Lao Soung (highland Lao), including the Hmong and Yao peoples, live in the highest areas and make up around 10 percent.
Theravada Buddhism is the dominant religion, practiced by about two-thirds of the population. Temples are the center of community life, and the morning alms ceremony in towns like Luang Prabang is one of the most visible expressions of Lao Buddhist culture. Animist beliefs remain strong alongside Buddhism, particularly in rural and highland areas -- you will see spirit houses outside homes and businesses throughout the country.
The Lao are famously gentle and unhurried. The phrase 'bo pen nyang' (never mind, no problem) sums up the national temperament. Raised voices and public displays of anger are considered deeply rude. Greetings are accompanied by the nop -- palms pressed together at chest level with a slight bow.
Laos remains one of the poorest countries in Southeast Asia, though growth has been steady. The economy is increasingly driven by hydroelectric power exports, mining, and tourism. Most of the population still works in agriculture, and rural life revolves around rice cultivation, the river, and the temple.
Small communities of Vietnamese and Chinese have lived in Laos for generations, particularly in the towns. You will notice Vietnamese and Chinese restaurants and shops throughout the country, a reflection of longstanding trade and migration ties.