By train. The Laos-China Railway is a game-changer. Fast trains connect Vientiane, Vang Vieng, Luang Prabang, and Boten several times daily. Vientiane to Luang Prabang takes around two hours and costs $15-30 depending on class. Tickets can be booked via the LCR app up to 7 days in advance -- trains fill up quickly, so book early. This is by far the most comfortable way to travel the north-south corridor.
By bus. VIP sleeper and semi-sleeper buses connect all major towns and are the backbone of long-distance travel where the railway doesn't reach. Vientiane to Pakse takes around 10 hours by VIP bus. Local buses and songthaews (covered pickup trucks with benches) serve shorter routes. Expect slow going on mountain roads -- distances that look short on a map can take many hours.
By boat. River travel on the Mekong and its tributaries was once the main way to get around Laos. The slow boat from Huay Xai to Luang Prabang is still running, but most other river routes have been replaced by roads. Local boats still serve some remote areas.
Tuk-tuks. In towns, tuk-tuks are the standard taxi. These are either motorcycle-powered three-wheelers or small trucks with bench seating in the back. Always agree on a price before getting in. You can and should haggle -- in a gentle, good-natured way. Prices are easily halved with patience. Traveling in a group makes it cheaper per person.
Motorbikes and bicycles. Bicycles are excellent in compact towns like Luang Prabang ($1-2 per day) and around Si Phan Don. Motorbike rental ($5-10 per day) is available in most tourist towns. Be cautious -- roads can be poor, and medical facilities are limited. Motorbike rental was banned in Luang Prabang due to tourist accidents but is available in most other towns.
Domestic flights. Lao Airlines flies between Vientiane, Luang Prabang, and Pakse. Flights are reasonably priced ($70-120) and save long bus journeys, particularly for reaching the south.