Chad is one of the most ethnically diverse countries in Africa, with over 200 distinct ethnic groups speaking more than 100 languages. The cultural divide between the Muslim, Arabic-speaking north and the Christian and animist south is the defining feature of Chadian society and has shaped the country's turbulent politics.
In the arid north and east, the Toubou and Zaghawa are nomadic and semi-nomadic peoples adapted to life in the Sahara and Sahel. The Toubou, who inhabit the Tibesti Mountains, are famously tough and independent. The Kanembou and Kotoko live around Lake Chad and are traditionally fishermen and farmers. In the cities, particularly N'Djamena and Abeche, Arab traders and Hausa merchants give the markets their bustle.
The south is home to the Sara, the largest ethnic group in Chad, who are predominantly Christian or animist farmers. Southern culture is more settled and agricultural, with distinct traditions of music, dance, and initiation ceremonies.
The Fulani (Peul) are cattle herders found across the Sahel belt, moving with their herds between wet and dry season pastures. If you travel through the countryside, you will encounter Fulani camps and their distinctive long-horned cattle. The annual Gerewol festival, where young Wodaabe Fulani men compete in an elaborate beauty contest of face-painting and dance, takes place in parts of the Sahel and is one of the most remarkable cultural events in Africa.
Islam, practiced by roughly half the population, dominates the north. Christianity and traditional beliefs are prevalent in the south. In practice, the two worlds overlap in the cities, and Chadians of all backgrounds are known for their hospitality. Greetings are important and elaborate. Handshakes are expected. If invited to share a meal, accept. Tea is offered as a sign of welcome, and refusing it is poor form.
French and Arabic are both official languages, but Chadian Arabic is the most widely spoken lingua franca. If you speak French, you will get by. If you speak Arabic, even a few phrases, doors will open.