Lesotho's population of around 2.2 million is one of the most ethnically homogeneous in Africa — over 99 percent are Basotho (singular: Mosotho), descendants of the Sotho-speaking clans united under King Moshoeshoe I in the early 19th century. There are tiny communities of South Asians and Europeans, mainly in Maseru.
The Basotho identity is closely tied to the land, to cattle, and to the Basotho pony — a hardy breed that remains working transport in the mountains. Traditional dress includes the distinctive Basotho blanket, worn by men and women alike, and the mokorotlo, a conical straw hat that appears on the national flag. You'll see both in everyday use, not just for visitors.
Christianity is practised by roughly 80 percent of the population, mostly Roman Catholic and various Protestant denominations. Traditional beliefs remain intertwined with Christian practice in many communities.
Sesotho is the first language of almost everyone. English is an official language and is taught in schools and used in government and business. Literacy rates are relatively high by African standards, and unusually, female literacy has historically been on par with or better than male literacy — a legacy of women managing households while men worked in South African mines.
HIV/AIDS has had a severe impact. Lesotho has one of the highest HIV prevalence rates in the world, a fact that has reduced life expectancy and placed significant strain on families and health services. It shapes much of the country's social context in ways a visitor will encounter in conversation.