Visas
All nationalities require a visa. Since April 2025 an e-visa system allows online applications for stays up to 30 days. Previously, a letter of invitation from a licensed Turkmen agency was required. In either case, most independent travelers arrange their trip through a local tour operator who handles visa sponsorship, accommodation, and a guide. Truly independent travel — showing up and making it up as you go — is not permitted.
Currency
The currency is the Turkmenistan Manat (TMT). One manat divides into 100 tenge. The official exchange rate is fixed at approximately 3.5 TMT to 1 US dollar, but a parallel market exists with a significantly better rate. Exchange at Ashgabat airport, banks, or larger hotels. Cash is the only practical payment method — credit and debit cards are rarely accepted anywhere.
Bring clean, undamaged US dollar bills printed after 2009. Smaller denominations are useful as change can be hard to get.
Safety
Turkmenistan is, in terms of street crime, one of the safer places in Central Asia. The risk to travelers is more bureaucratic than physical: photographing government buildings, military installations, or anything the authorities deem sensitive can cause serious trouble. Err heavily on the side of caution with a camera. Keep copies of your documents with you at all times.
Health
Tap water is not reliable. Drink bottled water. Medical facilities outside Ashgabat are basic. Take out comprehensive travel insurance with medical evacuation cover.
Communications
Internet access is heavily filtered and slow. A VPN is advisable but technically restricted. Mobile coverage is limited outside major cities. SIM cards are available for foreigners at Ashgabat airport.
Language
Turkmen is the official language. Russian remains widely understood, especially among older residents and in urban areas. English is rare outside Ashgabat hotels and tour agencies.