By air. Samos International Airport, near Pythagoreio on the south coast, has year-round Aegean and Sky Express flights from Athens (about an hour) and a packed summer schedule of charter and budget flights from across Europe (mostly Germany, the UK, the Netherlands, and Scandinavia).
By ferry. Two ports handle different routes. Vathy has the main long-haul ferries to Piraeus (about 12 hours overnight) plus connections to Ikaria, Chios, Lesbos, and the smaller East Aegean islands. Karlovasi shares some Piraeus services and is the connection point for Fournoi. Pythagoreio is the summer hub for high-speed catamarans to Patmos and the Dodecanese and for the daily ferries to Kuşadası in Turkey — a half-hour crossing that makes a Samos-Ephesus day trip a real possibility.