Central Catania is small enough to walk. From Piazza del Duomo, the Pescheria is two minutes north, Castello Ursino five minutes south-west, the cathedral and the baroque churches all within ten minutes, and the Bellini Theatre about ten minutes north-east.
A short metro line runs from the station via Piazza Stesicoro out to the eastern outskirts and the Borgo neighbourhood; it is useful if you are going to the Botanical Garden or beyond. City buses (AMT) fan out from Piazza Borsellino, just south of the cathedral, to the beaches and the satellite villages — line 534 to Aci Trezza and Aci Castello, line D to Playa.
Taxis are easy to find around the cathedral and the station; ride-hailing apps do not work well in Catania. For Mount Etna, the AST bus to Rifugio Sapienza leaves once a day from the central station at 08:15 and returns mid-afternoon.