By train — The Nishi-Kyushu Shinkansen opened in 2022 and now connects Nagasaki to Takeo Onsen in about 30 minutes. From Hakata (Fukuoka) you change at Takeo Onsen onto the relay limited express; total journey around 1h 20m. The new high-speed line ends the long slow ride that used to define this corner of Kyushu.
By air — Nagasaki Airport sits on an artificial island in Omura Bay, about 40 km north of the city. A limousine bus runs to Nagasaki Station (around 45 minutes). Domestic flights connect to Tokyo, Osaka, Nagoya, and a few smaller cities; there are also limited connections to Shanghai and Seoul.
By road — Nagasaki is the western terminus of the Nagasaki Expressway. From Fukuoka the drive is about 2 hours.
By boat — Ferries run from Nagasaki Port to the Goto Islands and Hashima (Gunkanjima). There is no longer a regular ferry to Shanghai.