The Museum Volkenkunde is the Dutch national ethnological museum, with a sprawling collection focused on Asia, the Pacific, Africa, and the Americas. The strongest galleries are the Japanese and Indonesian ones, reflecting Dutch colonial history; the new Africa hall is also striking. The exhibits are arranged by region, with the kind of generous labelling and audio in English that you would expect from a top-tier museum.
The building, just north of the central station, is a former military hospital. Allow two or three hours; the museum is much larger than it appears.